一种被称为优先体验重播（PER）的广泛研究的深钢筋学习（RL）技术使代理可以从与其时间差异（TD）误差成正比的过渡中学习。尽管已经表明，PER是离散作用域中深度RL方法总体性能的最关键组成部分之一，但许多经验研究表明，在连续控制中，它的表现非常低于参与者 - 批评算法。从理论上讲，我们表明，无法有效地通过具有较大TD错误的过渡对演员网络进行训练。结果，在Q网络下计算的近似策略梯度与在最佳Q功能下计算的实际梯度不同。在此激励的基础上，我们引入了一种新颖的经验重播抽样框架，用于演员批评方法，该框架还认为稳定性和最新发现的问题是Per的经验表现不佳。引入的算法提出了对演员和评论家网络的有效和高效培训的改进的新分支。一系列广泛的实验验证了我们的理论主张，并证明了引入的方法显着优于竞争方法，并获得了与标准的非政策参与者 - 批评算法相比，获得最先进的结果。

与政策策略梯度技术相比，使用先前收集的数据的无模型的无模型深钢筋学习（RL）方法可以提高采样效率。但是，当利益政策的分布与收集数据的政策之间的差异时，非政策学习变得具有挑战性。尽管提出了良好的重要性抽样和范围的政策梯度技术来补偿这种差异，但它们通常需要一系列长轨迹，以增加计算复杂性并引起其他问题，例如消失或爆炸梯度。此外，由于需要行动概率，它们对连续动作领域的概括严格受到限制，这不适合确定性政策。为了克服这些局限性，我们引入了一种替代的非上政策校正算法，用于连续作用空间，参与者 - 批判性非政策校正（AC-OFF-POC），以减轻先前收集的数据引入的潜在缺陷。通过由代理商对随机采样批次过渡的状态的最新动作决策计算出的新颖差异度量，该方法不需要任何策略的实际或估计的行动概率，并提供足够的一步重要性抽样。理论结果表明，引入的方法可以使用固定的独特点获得收缩映射，从而可以进行“安全”的非政策学习。我们的经验结果表明，AC-Off-POC始终通过有效地安排学习率和Q学习和政策优化的学习率，以比竞争方法更少的步骤改善最新的回报。

在高维连续任务中学习的学习是具有挑战性的，主要是当体验重播记忆非常有限时。我们引入了一种简单而有效的经验共享机制，用于在未来的非政策深度强化学习应用程序中进行连续动作域中的确定性政策，其中分配的经验重播缓冲液的分配记忆受到限制。为了克服通过从其他代理商的经验中学习引起的外推误差，我们通过一种新型的非政策校正技术促进了我们的算法，而没有任何动作概率估计。我们测试方法在挑战OpenAi Gym连续控制任务方面的有效性，并得出结论，它可以在多个代理商之间获得安全的体验，并在重播记忆受到严格限制时表现出强大的性能。

基于价值的深度增强学习（RL）算法遭受主要由函数近似和时间差（TD）学习引起的估计偏差。此问题会引起故障状态 - 动作值估计，因此损害了学习算法的性能和鲁棒性。尽管提出了几种技术来解决，但学习算法仍然遭受这种偏差。在这里，我们介绍一种技术，该技术使用经验重放机制消除了截止策略连续控制算法中的估计偏差。我们在加权双延迟深度确定性政策梯度算法中自适应地学习加权超参数β。我们的方法名为Adaptive-WD3（AWD3）。我们展示了Openai健身房的连续控制环境，我们的算法匹配或优于最先进的脱离政策政策梯度学习算法。

经验重放机制允许代理多次使用经验。在以前的作品中，过渡的抽样概率根据其重要性进行调整。重新分配采样概率在每次迭代后的重传缓冲器的每个过渡是非常低效的。因此，经验重播优先算法重新计算时，相应的过渡进行采样，以获得计算效率转变的意义。然而，过渡的重要性水平动态变化的政策和代理人的价值函数被更新。此外，经验回放存储转换由可显著从代理的最新货币政策偏离剂的以前的政策产生。从代理引线的最新货币政策更关闭策略更新，这是有害的代理高偏差。在本文中，我们开发了一种新的算法，通过KL散度批次优先化体验重播（KLPER），其优先批次转换的，而不是直接优先每个过渡。此外，为了减少更新的截止policyness，我们的算法选择一个批次中的某一批次的数量和力量的通过很有可能是代理的最新货币政策所产生的一批学习代理。我们结合与深确定性政策渐变和Twin算法延迟深确定性政策渐变，并评估它在不同的连续控制任务。 KLPER提供培训期间的抽样效率，最终表现和政策的稳定性方面有前途的深确定性的连续控制算法的改进。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

The task of reconstructing 3D human motion has wideranging applications. The gold standard Motion capture (MoCap) systems are accurate but inaccessible to the general public due to their cost, hardware and space constraints. In contrast, monocular human mesh recovery (HMR) methods are much more accessible than MoCap as they take single-view videos as inputs. Replacing the multi-view Mo- Cap systems with a monocular HMR method would break the current barriers to collecting accurate 3D motion thus making exciting applications like motion analysis and motiondriven animation accessible to the general public. However, performance of existing HMR methods degrade when the video contains challenging and dynamic motion that is not in existing MoCap datasets used for training. This reduces its appeal as dynamic motion is frequently the target in 3D motion recovery in the aforementioned applications. Our study aims to bridge the gap between monocular HMR and multi-view MoCap systems by leveraging information shared across multiple video instances of the same action. We introduce the Neural Motion (NeMo) field. It is optimized to represent the underlying 3D motions across a set of videos of the same action. Empirically, we show that NeMo can recover 3D motion in sports using videos from the Penn Action dataset, where NeMo outperforms existing HMR methods in terms of 2D keypoint detection. To further validate NeMo using 3D metrics, we collected a small MoCap dataset mimicking actions in Penn Action,and show that NeMo achieves better 3D reconstruction compared to various baselines.